What is Linux? An Introduction to Linux and Its Popular Distributions

 

what is Linux and why it is so popular?. In this beginner guide, we'll provide an introduction to Linux and explore its unique features that make it different from other operating systems.In the previous post, we discussed why to learn Linux and the scope of Linux. In this post, we’ll discuss the following points

1.    What is Linux?

2.    Linux Key Features

3.    What are Linux Distributions

4.    Popular Linux Distributions

5.    How to Choose the Right Distro

6.  Ready to Try Linux

1. What is Linux?

Linux is an open-source operating system kernel based on the Unix Architecture. It was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It is the core part of the OS that communicates between hardware and software. Unlike Windows or macOS, Linux is Free to use and modify, open for anyone to contribute, and super versatile – it runs on desktops, servers, mobile phones, and more. Android is built on top of the Linux kernel! The Linux kernel is maintained by a global community of open-source experts. Its security capabilities and interface attract the users. Linux source code is open for inspection, modification, and redistribution in the community. It is compatible with almost every computer platform as X86, ARM, and SPARK, considered one of the most supportive operating systems.

2. Linux Key Features

A common question about Linux is, Why is Linux so popular and attractive. The answer is simple: Linux has rich features that make it distinguish itself from other operating systems. That’s the reason professionals and even regular users love Linux. The list of Linux features is so large that we cannot cover all in this post but we will discuss some of the most important features here.

•       Security
•       Encryption
•       Performance
•       Customization
•      Portability
•       Multitasking

Security

One of the top features is Linux security. Built-in permission control provides a safeguard against malicious activity. Linux has the principle of least privileges, user permissions and access controls to ensure integrity, confidentiality and availability of data and resources. The installation of regular security updates and patches helps to solve known vulnerabilities. A firewall provides an extra layer of security to block unauthorized access and control network traffic. Various security tools are available to audit the system security and help to maintain the stability of the system. Linux is less vulnerable to malware as compared to other Operating Systems.

Encryption:

Linux enhanced encryption capabilities for data both at the source and the destination. Full disk encryption by utilizing LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) encrypts the entire block devices and file encryption as Cryptfs encrypts files and directories. These tools provide compliance to security standards and secure sensitive information. 

Customization:

Linux allows users customization of desktop environments, Terminals and kernel to their specific needs and requirements. This consists of changing themes, icons and window managers. It gives users control to manage their workspace efficiently.

Performance:

Linux is prominent for its efficient resource management and high performance even in on old hardware. There is no comparison in compatibility and performance with other operating systems. Performance can be boosted up by adding more hardware as CPU cores. Updates and patches also increase the performance of the Linux system.

Portability:

Linux operating system runs smoothly and flawlessly on a variety of hardware platforms. Without any compatibility issues, users can run the Linux operating system on any device. It provides the same functionality on both low-end and high-end hardware. The best thing is that it supports different environments without any hassle.

Multitasking

Linux is known for its multitasking. It can switch between different tasks quickly, showing the illusion that they are running simultaneously. The Linux kernel can manage this by scheduling, which decides which process gets the CPU at any given time. Multiusers and multitasking is one of the best features of the Linux system.

3. What Are Linux Distributions?

A Linux distribution (or distro) is a complete operating system built using the Linux kernel. It includes the kernel, system tools, software and a package manager. Each distribution consists of packages and tools to perform significant functions. Every distribution is different from other distributions in terms of function, interface and working. These distributions are built for different purposes and environments. Each distribution as Fedora, Ubuntu, Red hat, Linux Mint, Debian, Suse, has its significance. Different distros are created for different needs — beginners, advanced users, servers, hacking, gaming, etc.

4. Popular Linux Distributions

Here is some famous distros you should know about:

1.    Ubuntu

2.    Debian

3.    Red hat

4.    Fedora

5.    Arch Linux

6.    Kali Linux

1. Ubuntu

•      Beginner-friendly
•       Good for desktops and laptops
•       Huge community and documentation
•       Easy to install and use
•      Long-term support is available
•      The software repository is easily available
•       Automatically updates the features
•       Easy to update patches and upgrades 

  2. Debian

•       Stable and secure
•      Used as the base for Ubuntu
•       Excellent for servers
•       Mostly used by developers
•       Advanced Package tools for package management
•       100% freely available
•       Massive access to online repositories
•       Significantly used for LAMP stack

3. Red hat

•      User-friendly and robust
•       Focus on enterprise solutions
•       Popular for automation and security
•      Scalable for various environments
•       Large community support
•       Support variety of applications and workloads

 4. Fedora

•       Cutting-edge technology
•       Backed by Red Hat
•       Popular among developers
•       Strong community help
•       Supports variety of applications and tools
•       Suitable both for desktop and server

6. Kali Linux

•       Debian base linux distribution
•       Variety of pre-installed security tools
•       Supports over 600 pre-installed tools for penetration testing
•       Kali Linux supports multiple languages
•       Supports different hardware architectures
•       Built for penetration testing and cybersecurity

5. How to Choose the Right Distro?

Ask yourself:

•      Are you a beginner? → use Ubuntu or Linux Mint
•      Want full control and learning? → use Arch or Debian
•       Into cybersecurity? → Use Kali Linux
•    Need a powerful dev environment? → use Fedora or openSUSE

6. Ready to try Linux?

Start with a distro as Ubuntu or Linux Mint, and explore from there. Only 2% use Linux...? Think again. Yes, Linux might have a small footprint on desktops, but it silently powers 97% of the world’s servers and 2+ billion smartphones (hello, Android!). Most of the cloud infrastructure we rely on daily basis. It is not just an OS—it is the backbone of the internet. If you’re in IT, DevOps, Cybersecurity or Cloud. Linux isn't optional; it is essential.

Final Thoughts

Linux is a robust and complete platform in all aspects and supports a large-scale environment. Linux offers freedom, flexibility and power whether you’re a beginner or an expert. The variety of distributions makes it easy to find the one that fits your needs and fulfills your requirements. For popular Linux distros like Ubuntu or Mint, or an advanced user exploring specialized types of Linux distributions, the advantages of Linux make it an excellent choice for long-term growth in technology and career opportunities.

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